The island nation of Madagascar is one of the most important places on Earth for biodiversity conservation. Situated in the Indian Ocean off the east coast of Africa, Madagascar is home to a unique, diverse, and extremely threatened flora and fauna that have captured the attention of the international conservation community and fascinated biologists worldwide. ...With 13-14,000 native plant species, more than 90% of which are found only on this remarkable island, the Malagasy flora stands out as a global priority for research and conservation. Over the last three decades, a concerted effort has been made to prevent the massive extinction that would surely result from continuing habitat loss. However, despite many encouraging results, the battle to ensure the long-term survival of Madagascar’s plants and animals and the ecosystems in which they live is still far from over and much remains to be done.